X射线光电子能谱
碱金属
结合能
电池(电)
锂(药物)
金属
离子
化学
惰性
反应性(心理学)
材料科学
化学物理
分析化学(期刊)
原子物理学
热力学
物理
核磁共振
冶金
有机化学
功率(物理)
替代医学
病理
内分泌学
医学
色谱法
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.05.029
摘要
For the investigation of chemical changes in Li- and Na-ion battery electrode systems, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a well-accepted method. Charge compensation and referencing of the binding energy (BE) scale is necessary to account for the involved mostly non-conducting species. Motivated by a conflict in energy scale referencing of Li-metal samples discussed earlier by several authors, further clarifying experimental results on several Li containing reference materials are presented and extended by similar experiments for Na. When correlating the peak positions of characteristic chemical species in all the different prepared model sample states, there seems to be a systematic deviation in characteristic binding energies of several eV if lithium is present in its metallic state. Similar results were found for sodium. The observations are furthermore confirmed by the implementation of inert artificial energy reference material, such as implanted argon or deposited gold. The behavior is associated with the high reactivity of metallic lithium and a phenomenological explanation is proposed for the understanding of the observations. Consequences for data interpretation in Li-ion battery research will be discussed for various applications in part (II).
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