Hypersonic boundary layer over a flat plate with slip and shear nonequilibrium effects

Near-space hypersonic vehicles could encounter significant rarefied nonequilibrium effects during the flight through atmosphere, which largely influence the gas-surface momentum and heat transfer. In this paper, hypersonic boundary layer over a flat plate with velocity slip, temperature jump, and shear nonequilibrium effects is theoretically considered. The slip boundary conditions and nonlinear transport relations are embedded into the boundary-layer equations to describe the flow. Local similar solutions are derived, and key parameters for characterizing slip and shear nonequilibrium effects are determined. The velocity-slip and temperature-jump effects are determined by [(2−σu)/σu]Mae/Rex and [(2−σT)/σT]Mae/Rex respectively, and the shear nonequilibrium effect is characterized by Mae2/Rex. The obtained boundary-layer solutions are compared with the Navier–Stokes solutions for a Mach 4.5 slip flow, and the results of Direct Simulation Monte Carlo for a Mach 10 rarefied flow, good agreements are achieved. The separate and combined effects of velocity slip, temperature jump, and shear nonequilibrium on boundary-layer solutions and momentum/heat transfer are clarified. The results show that both the slip and shear nonequilibrium effects cause the boundary layer to become thinner and decrease the skin friction and Fourier heat conduction. However, with including sliding friction, the total heat flux might even increase as the slip degree increases. These results provide valuable insight into the boundary-layer characteristics of hypersonic near-continuum flows.