Optimizing New Energy Vehicle Battery Recycling Supply Chains: Comparative Analysis and Coordination Strategies for Enhanced Industry Management

With the popularity of new energy vehicles, how to construct the recycling supply chain of new energy vehicle batteries has become a research hotspot. Considering the uncertainty of remanufactured products after recycling and the reward–penalty strategy, we seek to construct four recycling supply chain models with different structures: single-channel manufacturer recycling, single-channel third-party recycling, decentralized dual-channel recycling, and centralized dual-channel recycling, and investigate two problems: which is the best model in terms of profit and recycling amount; and how to coordinate a centralized dual-channel recycling supply chain? Subsequently, the complexity of the recycling supply chain model is analyzed in depth, and the steady-state parameter domain of the optimal solution is clarified to fill the gap in the existing literature. The results show that, first, the dual-channel model is most beneficial to manufacturers. Second, the revenue-sharing contract constructed in this paper successfully coordinates a centralized dual-channel recycling supply chain system. Finally, manufacturers and third parties provide more aggressive battery recycling services to consumers, stimulated by the reward and punishment strategies.