Functional hydrogels for accelerated wound healing: advances in conductive hydrogels and self-powered electrical stimulation

Compared to traditional dressings, hydrogel dressings not only protect the wound surface and prevent bacterial infection but also possess excellent moisturizing properties, which can provide an optimal moist environment for wound healing, and exhibit good biocompatibility, making them considered the best wound treatment materials. This review focuses on the research status and application progress of various functional hydrogel dressings, such as hemostatic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and conductive hydrogels. It proposes the combination of conductive hydrogels with flexible solar cells to form self-powered devices. Compared to traditional externally powered devices, this approach can reduce carbon footprints by utilizing clean energy, aligning with carbon neutrality policy requirements. Additionally, it eliminates the need for frequent battery replacement or power connections, effectively saving labor and operational costs. Self-powered devices can convert solar energy into electrical energy, which is conducted to the wound site through hydrogels, generating continuous electrical stimulation (ES). This electrical stimulation guides the directional migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts toward the center of the wound; activates the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway to accelerate the cell cycle process, and upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, thereby inducing endothelial cell proliferation and lumen formation. These multiple mechanisms work synergistically to promote wound healing. Finally, the review provides an outlook on the emergence and applications of multifunctional hydrogels and stimuli-responsive hydrogels, highlighting common challenges in the future development of hydrogels, such as weak mechanical strength and poor long-term stability, as well as feasible solutions to these issues.