Discovery of Novel Sulfonylurea NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor for the Treatment of Multiple Inflammatory Diseases

NLRP3 inflammasome is critical in innate immunity and inflammatory responses. A series of novel sulfonylurea-based NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors was designed and synthesized. Notably, compound 15 exhibited the potent NLRP3 inhibitory activity, effectively suppressing IL-1β secretion in THP-1 (IC₅₀ = 23 nM), demonstrating better efficacy compared to MCC950. It selectively inhibits NLRP3 activation by disrupting inflammasome assembly, with no effect on NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasomes. Molecular docking showed that the 1-methyl-4-(methylamino)piperidine moiety forms a novel hydrogen bond with Asp662 in the hydrophilic region of NLRP3. Additionally, compound 15 displayed excellent pharmacokinetic properties with 99.6% oral bioavailability in mice. It exhibited superior efficacy in acute peritonitis and diabetic kidney disease models, surpassing MCC950. Tissue distribution studies confirmed that compound 15 specifically targeted the gut and showed efficacy in an IBD model, comparable to MCC950. These findings highlight compound 15 as a promising lead for novel oral NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors.