Synthesis of Anti-poisoning Spinel Mn–Co–C as Cathode Catalysts for Low-Temperature Anion Exchange Membrane Direct Ammonia Fuel Cells

Low-temperature anion exchange membrane direct ammonia fuel cells (AEM-DAFCs) have emerged as a potential power source for transportation applications with the recognition that liquid ammonia is a carbon-free hydrogen carrier and facilitates storage, refill, and distribution. However, ammonia crossover from the cell anode to cathode can decrease the fuel efficiency, drop the voltage, and poison the cathode catalysts. In this work, the Mn–Co spinel on three different carbon supports [BP2000, Vulcan XC-72R, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)] has been successfully synthesized and demonstrated a high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity with good ammonia tolerance. The structure and composition of the obtained Mn–Co–C catalysts were characterized by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. All three catalysts exhibit superb ammonia tolerance, and Mn–Co–BP2000 demonstrates the highest ORR activity, even better than the commercial Pt–C in the presence of ammonia. When paired with the commercial PtIr–C anode, the Mn–Co–BP2000 cathode improved the peak power density of single cells from 100.1 mW cm –2 for the Pt–C cathode to 128.2 mW cm –2 under a 2 bar backpressure in both electrodes at 80 °C. All the results have manifested that Mn–Co–BP2000 is a good cathode catalyst for low-temperature AEM-DAFCs.