Modern and past periglacial features in Central Asia and their implication for paleoclimate reconstructions

In the continental areas of Central and High Asia, periglacial landform assemblages, sediment structures and processes are mainly influenced and determined by of soil humidity during freeze–thaw cycles. These cryogenic processes result in periglacial landforms such as solifluction, earth hummocks or patterned ground. The distribution of rock glaciers as clear indicators of permafrost is additionally determined by rock fall or moraine debris composed of large boulders (e.g. of granite). Periglacial features were used to reconstruct past climatic conditions, e.g. relict involutions and ice-wedge casts provide evidence for the distribution of former permafrost, say, for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Past temperatures, e.g. mean annual air temperatures, can be estimated from these periglacial features and can be compared with other proxy data, such as glacier fluctuations. Examples from late Holocene solifluction activity in the Altai, Khangai and north-eastern Tibetan Plateau show a different intensity of solifluction processes during the late Holocene and Little Ice Age due to a decrease in temperature and higher soil humidity. The distribution of past permafrost in some regions is still a matter of debate because of different interpretations of sediment structures: sometimes features described as ice-wedge casts may be caused by roots or desiccation cracks due to drying of clay rich sediments. Seismically deformed unconsolidated deposits (seismites) can also be misinterpreted as periglacial involutions. The lack of certain landform assemblages and sediment structures does not necessarily mean that the area had no permafrost. Moisture conditions can also determine the periglacial landform generation to a large degree. They can be ordered in Central Asia as follows (from highest moisture availability to lowest): solifluction; rock glacier; permafrost involutions; ice-wedge casts; sand-wedge casts.