Characterization of carotenoid-producingMuricaudasp. strains isolated from the reef-building coralGalaxea fascicularisand subtropical seawater

ABSTRACT Bacterial symbionts in corals and coral-associated zooxanthellae are attracting increasing attention as potential probiotics. Some members of the family Flavobacteriaceae are zooxanthellae-associated bacteria, which are known to protect zooxanthellae from stresses such as heat and light by producing carotenoids that reduce reactive oxygen species production. This study characterized two Flavobacteriaceae bacteria, Muricauda sp. strains ORYM1 (NBRC115792) and ORYM2 (NBRC115793), isolated from the reef-building coral Galaxea fascicularis and its surrounding seawater in Okinawa, Japan, respectively. The Muricauda sp. strain ORYM2 was isolated from subtropical seawater, and carotenoid production was assessed using ORYM2 as well as ORYM1, which was previously isolated from G. fascicularis. De novo genome sequencing revealed that both strains contain complete sets of zeaxanthin biosynthesis genes, similar to those found in other Muricauda spp. Thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses demonstrated that ORYM1 and ORYM2 produce several carotenoids. The bacterial strains and carotenoids identified in this study provide insights into the biological roles of zooxanthellae-associated bacteria in protecting zooxanthellae and reef-building corals from environmental stresses. Statements and declarations Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.