Reproducible Fabrication of Efficient Perovskite-based Solar Cells: X-ray Crystallographic Studies on the Formation of CH3NH3PbI3 Layers

Lead halide complexes formed during the fabrication of perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3)-based solar cells were examined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Based on the observed results, the fabrication protocol using a sequential deposition method was optimized to reproducibly provide highly efficient solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of more than 10%.