Inducer of CBF Expression 1 (ICE1) Promotes Cold-enhanced Immunity by Directly Activating Salicylic Acid Signaling

ABSTRACT Cold stress affects plant immune responses, and this process may involve the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanism by which low temperature signals coordinate with SA signaling to regulate plant immunity remains poorly characterized. Here, we found that low temperatures enhanced the disease resistance of Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato ( Pst ) DC3000. This process required Inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1), the core transcription factor in cold-signal cascades. ICE1 physically interacted with Non-expresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1), the master regulator of the SA signaling pathway. Enrichment of ICE1 on the PR1 promoter and its ability to transcriptionally activate PR1 were enhanced by NPR1. Further analyses revealed that cold stress signals cooperate with SA signals to facilitate plant immunity against pathogen attack in an ICE1-dependent manner. Cold treatment promoted interactions of NPR1 and TGA3 with ICE1, and increased the ability of the ICE1–TGA3 complex to transcriptionally activate PR1 . Together, our results characterize a previously unrecognized role of ICE1 as an indispensable regulatory node linking low temperature activated- and SA-regulated immunity. Discovery of a crucial role of ICE1 in coordinating multiple signals associated with immunity broadens our understanding of plant–pathogen interactions.