Size Matters: A Biophysical Perspective on Biomolecular Condensates in Bacteria

Bacteria are unicellular organisms that typically lack membrane-bound organelles. Nevertheless, they are not merely "bags of enzymes" and instead use alternate mechanisms to organize their components in space and time. Biomolecular condensates are a newly described class of membraneless compartment that organizes cellular functions in bacteria. In this review, we cover key biophysical features of bacterial cells and discuss how their finite size and crowded interior may affect condensate nucleation and stability. Next, we describe three examples of endogenous condensates, highlighting the molecular components driving their formation and the functional roles they may play in cells. Finally, we provide an overview of current and prospective tools to study and manipulate both endogenous and synthetic condensates alike. Overall, bacterial condensates present a fascinating system to explore open questions that span the disciplines of biophysics, molecular and cell biology, and bioengineering.