Plant-Derived Exosomes in Skin Wound Repair: Biological Properties, Extraction, Characterization, and Therapeutic Mechanisms

Given the limited efficacy and notable side effects associated with conventional skin wound repair therapies, there is an urgent need to develop novel bioactive therapeutic strategies. As a novel type of bioactive nanovesicle formulation, plant-derived exosomes (PDEs) have demonstrated potential for multidimensional regulation in skin wound treatment. PDEs are characterized by low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and the ability of trans-barrier delivery. They accelerate skin tissue repair through multiple mechanisms such as regulating inflammatory response, promoting angiogenesis, and inducing cell proliferation and migration. Current reports on the role of PDEs in skin wound repair and their associated mechanisms are limited, highlighting their novelty and the need for in-depth exploration. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the biological properties, extraction and characterization methods, biological functions of PDEs and their mechanisms of action, and applications in skin wound repair. At the end, the future potentials and challenges of PDEs in skin wound repair are summarized to provide theoretical support for precise wound repair therapy based on PDEs.