Associations between sleep duration trajectories and cognitive decline: A longitudinal cohort study in China

The relationship between sleep duration trajectories and cognitive decline remains uncertain. This study aims to examine the connections between various patterns of sleep duration and cognitive function. Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) was employed to identify longitudinal trajectories of sleep duration over four-year follow-up period, while considering age, sex and nap duration as adjustments. Logistic regression was utilized to analyze the association between sleep trajectories and cognition, with odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) reported. Subgroup analyses based on various demographic characteristics were conducted to explore potential differences in sleep trajectories and cognitive decline across different population subgroups. A total of 5061 participants were followed for four years, and three sleep duration trajectories were identified: high increasing (n = 2101, 41.6 %), stable increasing (n = 2087, 40.7 %), and low decreasing (n = 873, 17.7 %). After adjustment for basic demographic information, health status, and baseline cognition, the high increasing trajectory was found to be associated with cognitive decline in terms of global cognition (OR:1.52,95 %CI:1.18–1.96), mental intactness (OR:1.36,95 %CI:1.07–1.73) and episodic memory (OR:1.33, 95 %CI:1.05–1.67), as compared to stable increasing trajectory. These associations were particularly prominent among the non-elderly population (≤65 years) and those without depressive symptoms. This study suggests that both high increasing and low decreasing sleep duration trajectories are linked to cognitive decline, as compared to the stable increasing trajectory. Long-term attention to changes in sleep duration facilitates early prevention of cognitive decline.