A Two-Step Method of Constructing Mature Cartilage Using Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a promising source of stem cells for tissue engineering in cartilage repair. However, construction of cartilage using BMSCs can involve many problems, such as fibrosis, vascularization, the ‘hollow' phenomenon and shrinkage, which may be caused by the incomplete differentiation of BMSCs and prevent the clinical application of tissue-engineered cartilage. A novel induction system that facilitates chondrogenesis by swine BMSCs has been developed. In this study, we constructed cartilage using a two-step procedure: first, promoting complete chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs in 8 weeks, and second, these chondrocytes which differentiated from BMSCs in vitro were provided with a three-dimensional scaffold, which was then implanted subcutaneously. The results indicate that this two-step construction procedure can promote the full chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro and the formation of mature ectopic cartilage by BMSCs in vivo.