Ruminal tissue uptake of amino acids in Holstein cows when supply of nutrients within the rumen differs

Characterisation of amino acid (AA) use by the ruminal vein-drained viscera (RDV) has not been assessed in vivo in dairy cattle, and thus, the extent of ruminal AA use from arterial and postabsorptive blood supplies is unclear. Understanding the complete use of AA by the splanchnic bed may lead to alternative feeding programmes that maximise animal N efficiency. The objective of this work was to determine how different nutritional manipulations affect RDV net appearance and apparent affinity for arterial AA in lactating dairy cattle. Data from two arterio-venous (A-V) difference studies, that used a common set of multicatheterised lactating Holstein cows, assigned to different nutritional treatments, were used to assess ruminal metabolism. Study 1 consisted of three dietary treatments at calving [an alfalfa-glucogenic diet, a glucogenic diet (GLCG), or a ketogenic diet (KETO)] to investigate the effects of dietary nutrients and increasing intake postpartum on RDV metabolism of AA at -14, +4, +15, and +29 days relative to calving (DRTC). Study 2 consisted of two dietary levels of CP (17 or 13%) and three ruminal buffers (ammonia, butyrate, and control) to investigate the level of dietary CP and ruminal fermentation products on RDV metabolism of AA. Blood was collected at 9, 20, and 30 min after buffer administration. Regardless of dietary nutrients or fermentation products present in ruminal fluid, net RDV uptake was positive for most AA, excepting Asp, Cys, Glu, and Ser, which were consistently negative. The general positive net uptakes indicate that any AA potentially absorbed from the rumen were not adequate to meet apparent needs. Ruminal plasma flow and net RDV uptake of Trp, Ala, Gly, and Pro increased linearly with increased DRTC. Feeding KETO or GLCG diets increased ruminal plasma flow, and net RDV uptake of Thr and Gly. Feeding high CP diets increased ruminal uptake of Leu, Phe, and Val. The increased AA uptakes were partially driven by increased plasma flow, however, tissue affinity as reflected in clearance rates also increased or tended to for Met, Trp, Ala, Gly, Pro, and Tyr suggesting that changes in RDV uptake were regulated and not due solely to mass action. In conclusion, splanchnic tissue bed responses to dietary and washed rumen conditions were in part driven by changes in RDV nutrient demand and metabolic activity. The adaptive responses alter the fraction of absorbed AA utilised for non-productive purposes and thus the efficiency of conversion of those AA to product.