Piezoelectric Biomaterials for Use in Bone Tissue Engineering—A Narrative Review

To examine natural bone's bioelectrical traits, notably its piezoelectricity, and to look into how these characteristics influence bone growth and repair. In the context of exploring the potential of piezoelectric biomaterials, such as biopolymers and bio-ceramics, towards orthopedic and bone regeneration applications, the research seeks to evaluate the significance of piezoelectricity-driven osteogenesis. The paper reviews recent research on bone's electrical and dielectric properties, surface polarization/electrical stimulation effects interacting with cell activity and the effectiveness of piezoelectric biomaterials to support tissues' regenerative process. The study includes a number of materials, such as collagen, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and barium titanate. The applications of piezoelectric bio-ceramics, piezoelectric organic polymers, and piezoelectric natural polymers are particularly highlighted. Piezoelectric biomaterials are being shown in recent studies to enhance cellular metabolism in vitro as well as promote the regeneration of tissues in vivo, especially when paired with electric field stimulation or interface polarization. Piezoelectric bio-ceramics like magnesium silicate and barium titanate, as well as biopolymers like collagen and PVDF, have shown possibilities for orthopedic applications. However, there are several challenges regarding the manufacturing of bio-ceramics of specific compositions having the desired properties. This review highlighted the potential of piezoelectric biomaterials in orthopedic applications with special emphasis on biopolymers and bioceramics. Therefore, these types of materials have huge potential for bone regeneration because they can mimic the piezoelectric properties of bone and allow better advances in tissue engineering or regenerative medicine. To date, little is known about their mechanism of action, and modifications are needed to improve efficacy for clinical uptake.