Natural infection of pangolins with human respiratory syncytial viruses

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped non-segmented negative sense RNA virus that belongs to Orthopneumovirus genus of the Pneumoviridae family in the order Mononegavirales. The virus is the leading cause of severe respiratory disease in children under two years of age and is responsible for substantial disease burden in infants and elder people in both developed and developing countries1,2. RSV is only known to circulate among humans, though it was first isolated from chimpanzees3. The virus can experimentally infect mice, rats, cotton rats, ferrets, and hamsters, but does not naturally circulate in these animal populations4. We found that Malayan pangolins (Manis javanica) were naturally infected with RSVs that have 99.4-99.8% genomic identity with strains circulating in humans. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that five RSVs in pangolins were RSV-A ON1 and seven were RSV-B BA genotypes, both of which are currently prevalent in humans worldwide. These findings suggest that humans might transmit their viruses to endangered wildlife.