Structural analysis of metalloform-selective inhibition of methionine aminopeptidase

One of the challenges in the development of methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) inhibitors as antibacterial and anticancer agents is to define the metal ion actually used by MetAP in vivo and to discover MetAP inhibitors that can inhibit the metalloform that is relevant in vivo. Two distinct classes of novel nonpeptidic MetAP inhibitors that are not only potent but also highly selective for either the MnII or CoII form have been identified. Three crystal structures of Escherichia coli MetAP complexed with the metalloform-selective inhibitors 5-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid (2), 5-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]furan-2-carboxylic acid (3) and N-cyclopentyl-N-(thiazol-2-yl)oxalamide (4) have been solved and analysis of these structures has revealed the structural basis for their metalloform-selective inhibition. The MnII-form selective inhibitors (2) and (3) both use their carboxylate group to coordinate with the two MnII ions at the dinuclear metal site and both adopt a non-coplanar conformation for the two aromatic rings. The unique coordination geometry of these inhibitors may determine their MnII-form selectivity. In contrast, the CoII-form selective inhibitor (4) recruits an unexpected third metal ion, forming a trimetallic enzyme–metal–inhibitor complex. Thus, an important factor in the selectivity of (4) for the CoII form may be a consequence of a greater preference for a softer N,O-donor ligand for the softer CoII.