Structural Photodynamics of Camptothecin, an Anticancer Drug in Aqueous Solutions

Steady-state and time-resolved picosecond emission studies were carried out to study the role of the proton concentration in the acid–base properties of the anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT) in its ground and electronically first excited states. The results show that, under acidic conditions, the excited-state proton-transfer (ESPT) reaction is irreversible, in contrast to previous literature data. We found that the prototropic species are equilibrated at the excited state (pKa* = 1.85) only in a restricted range of pH (1.5 < pH < 3), whereas only one species, either the neutral form (τN = 3.76 ns) or the protonated form (τC = 2.83 ns), can be detected at pH > 3 and pH < 1.5, respectively. The proton motion from the acidic solution to the neutral form in the pH 1–2 domain is diffusion-controlled. Within the range of pH 1–2, the reaction rate constant for the formation (kd) of the encounter complex between the proton and the neutral form ranges from 1.17 × 1010 to 7.33 × 1010 M–1 s–1, respectively. Under more acidic conditions (pH 0.9–0.95), the protonation of CPT does not depend on the diffusive step, because of the large amount of protons. The direct proton-transfer rate constant (kDPT*) increases with the proton concentration (time constants change from 24 ps to ∼1 ns at pH 0.9 and 2, respectively). The number of protons involved in the proton transfer changes from approximately one, for the diffusive regime, to approximately four, for the static regime. We found good agreement between the Birks model for equilibrated flourophores and the Debye–Smoluchowski equation (DSE) to accurately explain the ESPT reaction of CPT with acidic water in the reversible range. The proton motion at pH 2 (equilibrium range) exhibits diffusion-controlled behavior and can be explained using the Smoluchowski model. Our results show that the interaction of CPT with acidic water depends on the concentration of the acid, which changes the nature of both the structure and dynamics.