Developing a Ready-to-Use Lipid Nanoparticle Technology for Nucleic Acid Delivery Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents

Microfluidic technology has emerged as a prevalent tool to produce lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for nucleic acid delivery. However, its wide-ranging application is hindered by specialized, costly equipment and consumables. Herein, a ready-to-use lipid nanoparticle (RULNP) technology employing deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was developed. The DES, consisting of fructose and glycerol ([Fru][Gly]), was able to dissolve lipids and nucleic acids, facilitating the formation of RULNPs by simple physical mixing and hydrating. This innovative approach circumvents the high costs and organic solvents associated with microfluidic methods and offers flexibility in preparation techniques, accommodating various application scenarios. RULNPs exhibited physicochemical properties and plasmid DNA (pDNA) or RNA delivery efficacy comparable to those of LNPs. Mechanistic studies revealed that RULNPs achieved superior cellular uptake compared with LNPs despite exhibiting limited endosomal escape capabilities. Collectively, the DES-based RULNP system presents a rapid and straightforward method for LNP production, potentially revolutionizing nucleic acid delivery.