3D printed optics and photonics: Processes, materials and applications

Interest in 3D (3- dimensional) printed optics and photonics by both industry and academic researchers is burgeoning, due to the unique features availed by 3D printing not achievable by traditional manufacturing techniques. 3D printing offers tremendous opportunities for developing new integrated systems in optics and photonics. Although a variety of manufacturing approaches have been developed, no single method can satisfy the requirement of small features, low roughness, and high speed simultaneously, thus opening up vast opportunities for innovations in 3D printed photonics. Besides the availability of state-of-the-art 3D printing technology, printable materials for the fabrication of 3D printed optics and photonics devices are also crucial. In this comprehensive review, we highlight the latest developments in 3D printing techniques, as well as developments in innovative practical technologies used for optics and photonics. In addition, we cover the latest progress in the materials used for 3D printed optics and photonics and future prospects in applications of 3D printed optics and photonics. The purpose of this review is to discuss technological and material advances, and potential future opportunities in the field of 3D printed optics and photonics.