Multi-enzyme activity nanozymes for biosensing and disease treatment

In cells, multi-step biochemical reactions catalyzed by multi-enzyme biocatalysts are critical. While, multi-enzyme biocatalysts have evolved to catalyze these diverse reactions in biological systems. Based on this, multi-enzyme biocatalysts have tremendous potential in biocatalysis, bioassays, and therapeutic applications. However, the construction of multi-enzyme systems often suffer from intrinsic shortcomings, such as being time-consuming, complicated, and expensive. Recently, many nanomaterials have demonstrated multi-enzyme activity, among which multi-enzyme activity nanozymes are ideal candidates for multi-enzyme biocatalysts. Then, this review summarized the up-to-date research developments in the field of multi-enzyme activity nanozymes. We systematically introduced the detailed classification of multi-enzyme activity nanozymes based on the redox reaction, followed by a discussion of the possible catalytic mechanisms of the representative metal. In addition, we summarized several strategies employed to regulate the multi-enzyme activity of nanozymes as well as their potential applications in biosensing and disease treatment. Finally, the opportunities and challenges pertaining to these nanozymes are proposed. This review is expected to provide a paradigm for the design of nanozymes with multiple enzymatic and the regulation of their activities for biomedical applications.