物理
宇宙射线
切伦科夫辐射
焊剂(冶金)
空气淋浴器
切伦科夫探测器
强子
天体物理学
航程(航空)
核物理学
闪烁计数器
探测器
光学
复合材料
冶金
材料科学
作者
J. W. Fowler,L. Fortson,C. Jui,D. B. Kieda,R. A. Ong,C. Pryke,P. Sommers
标识
DOI:10.1016/s0927-6505(00)00139-0
摘要
The energy spectrum and primary composition of cosmic rays with energy between 3×1014 and 3×1016 eV have been studied using the CASA–BLANCA detector. CASA consisted of 957 surface scintillation stations; BLANCA consisted of 144 angle-integrating Cherenkov light detectors located at the same site. CASA measured the charged particle distribution of air showers, while BLANCA measured the lateral distribution of Cherenkov light. The data are interpreted using the predictions of the CORSIKA air shower simulation coupled with four different hadronic interaction codes. The differential flux of cosmic rays measured by BLANCA exhibits a knee in the range of 2–3 PeV with a width of approximately 0.5 decades in primary energy. The power law indices of the differential flux below and above the knee are −2.72±0.02 and −2.95±0.02, respectively. We present our data both as a mean depth of shower maximum and as a mean nuclear mass. A multi-component fit using four elemental species suggests the same composition trends exhibited by the mean quantities, and also indicates that QGSJET and VENUS are the preferred hadronic interaction models. We find that an initially mixed composition turns lighter between 1 and 3 PeV, and then becomes heavier with increasing energies above 3 PeV.
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