Recovery of microbially synthesized gold nanoparticles using sodium citrate and detergents

Though microbial synthesis of metal nanoparticles are considered to be cost-effective, non-toxic, and eco-friendly method, the entrapment of many nanoparticles in the biomass after the reaction is a major drawback in their use for nanoparticle fabrication. Therefore, a protocol needs to be developed for efficiently recovering the nanoparticles from the biomass pellet. Surfactants such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium citrate have been used as capping and reducing agents. Current study reports the fact that CTAB, SDS and sodium citrate can also be used for successful recovery of Au nanoparticle (AuNP) from microbial biomass like marine bacterium Jeotgalibacillus sp. and that during recovery the shift in size of AuNPs takes place. Results demonstrated that different concentrations of SDS and sodium citrate could extract a noticeable amount of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). UV–Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that concentration of AuNPs extracted increased with increasing concentration of sodium citrate and SDS. 1 mM of sodium citrate extorted smaller AuNPs whereas higher concentrations recovered larger AuNPs. In contrast, all concentrations of SDS specifically recovered large AuNPs. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis documented the presence of pure Au adhered to the surface of the bacterial cells. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis showed that 75% of the AuNPs could be recovered using sodium citrate and SDS. AuNPs recovered were stable in solution. This is the first report on the purification of AuNPs from bacterial cells.