Improve the Biodistribution with Bulky and Lipophilic Modification Strategies on Lys-Urea-Glu-Based PSMA-Targeting Radiotracers

Since prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is upregulated in nearly all stages of prostate cancer (PCa), PSMA can be considered a viable diagnostic biomarker and treatment target in PCa. In this study, we have developed five 68 Ga-labeled PSMA-targeted tracers, 68 Ga-Flu-1, 68 Ga-Flu-2, 68 Ga-9-Ant, 68 Ga-1-Nal, and 68 Ga-1-Noi, to investigate the effect of lipophilic bulky groups on the pharmacokinetics of PSMA inhibitors compared to 68 Ga-PSMA-11 and then explore their in vitro and in vivo properties. 68 Ga-labeled PSMA inhibitors were obtained in 88.53–99.98% radiochemical purity and at the highest specific activity of up to 20 MBq/μg. These compounds revealed a highly efficient uptake and internalization into LNCaP cells and increased over time. PET imaging and biodistribution studies were performed in mice bearing PSMA expressing LNCaP prostate cancer xenografts. All tracers enabled clear visualization of tumors in PET images with excellent tumor-to-background contrast. The biodistribution studies showed that all these radioligands were excreted mainly via the renal pathway. The in vivo biodistribution of 68 Ga-Flu-1 revealed higher tumor uptake (40.11 ± 9.24 %ID/g at 2 h p.i.) compared to 68 Ga-PSMA-11 (28.10 ± 5.96 %ID/g at 2 h p.i.). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that chemical modification of the lysine fragment significantly impacts tumor-targeting and pharmacokinetic properties. Great potential to serve as new PET tracers for prostate cancer has been revealed with these radiotracers─ 68 Ga-Flu-1 in particular.