TiO2 coatings doped with MoS2 nanoparticles using plasma electrolytic oxidation on Ti–6Al–4V alloy: Application for enhanced and functional bio-implant surface

The focus of this study was to examine the surface, mechanical, corrosion, and bioactive characteristics of TiO 2 coatings doped with different grams of nanoparticles of MoS 2 , which were fabricated using the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technique, and the structure, morphology, surface characteristics, and corrosion resistance of MoS 2 and TiO 2 coatings were assessed. The coatings were fabricated on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate using a PEO setup, with varying concentrations of MoS 2 nanoparticles incorporated into the electrolyte solution. FESEM, XRD, and AFM were utilized to analyze the surface characteristics of the coatings. Also, PDP and AC impedance tests were done to check corrosion properties. Raman analysis, XPS, and cell tests were also done. The findings demonstrated that incorporating MoS 2 nanoparticles resulted in creating a composite coating characterized by adequately increased surface energy, wettability, and improved adhesion to the substrate. The FESEM analysis revealed a uniform dispersion of MoS 2 throughout the TiO 2 matrix forming a homogeneous and compact coating structure and also doping inside the PEO pores. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of TiO 2 , and the addition of MoS 2 nanoparticles further improved the crystallinity of the TiO 2 coating. AFM measurements demonstrated a slight increase in surface roughness and an increase in surface hardness upon the inclusion of MoS 2 . Compared to pure TiO 2 , the TiO 2 coating doped with MoS 2 displayed superior electrochemical corrosion resistance and cell proliferation properties. Alazirin staining, ALP, and mRNA activity showed that lower MoS 2 content such as P–2MoS 2 to P–6MoS 2 showed better cellular differentiation properties.