Ecological Value Creation: A Novel Economic Paradigm of Interactions in Business Ecosystems

The modern economic paradigm is based on a business networking system developed through the capabilities and features of information technology. The prominent weakness of a supply/value chain is reflected in the networking system of manufacturing firms. Ecology facilitates the networking processes of businesses, especially business ecosystems. It also introduces the cooperation and competition of manufacturing companies in addition to co-creation with customers and other partners within the framework of ecological values. The interactions of organizational ecosystems result in ecological values for extracting ideas and demands from clients and other members of the network. Therefore, different views can be stored, categorized, and analyzed. Instead of eliminating rivals, corporations replace mere competition with cooperation and competition (coopetition); thus, the customer will be regarded as a resource for creating collaborative ideas and products instead of the means to make a further profit. Although the benefits of ICT are evident, the dark web issues and violations of user privacy require comprehensive and international decisions and standards formulated by political authorities.