Effects of turbulence–heat loss interactions on detonation development in end gas and its resulting knock intensity

The main objective of the present work is to investigate the end-gas autoignition and detonation development in a confined space with the presence of wall heat loss by two-dimensional numerical simulations with a hydrogen/air mixture. The effects of turbulence–heat loss interactions, initial temperature, equivalence ratio, and wall temperature on end-gas combustion modes are analyzed in detail. The results show that with the presence of wall heat loss, end-gas autoignition takes place in the hot core regions away from the walls, and the autoignition fronts touching the wall can lead to a much larger wall heat flux than that induced by main flame–wall interactions. In the base cases, increasing the turbulence intensity promotes the end-gas autoignition mode transition from thermal explosion-detonation to thermal explosion-deflagration and finally to no-autoignition, whereas detonation takes place in all cases regardless of the turbulence intensity after the initial temperature or equivalence ratio is raised. However, in these cases with a low equivalence ratio, the detonation propagation is unstable, which can be easily decoupled spontaneously after it encounters the cold flow. It is further found that for the cases with unstable detonation propagation, the burned mass fraction (BMF) dominates the knock intensity, whereas for the cases with stable detonation propagation, the maximum pressure in a chamber will extremely depend on the local and instantaneous interactions between the pressure/shock waves, but the effect of BMF becomes minor.