Management of Adult Lumbar Spine Problems for General Orthopaedic Surgeons: A Practical Guide.

Low back pain is one of the most common reasons for physician visits, leading to high heath care costs and disability. Patients may present to primary care physicians, pain management physicians, chiropractors, physical therapists, or surgeons with these complaints. A thorough history and physical examination coupled with judicious use of advanced imaging studies will aid in determining the etiology of the pain. As most cases of low back pain are self-limited and will not develop into chronic pain, nonsurgical treatment is the mainstay. First-line treatment includes exercise, superficial heat, massage, acupuncture, or spinal manipulation. Pharmacologic treatment should be reserved for patients unresponsive to nonpharmacologic treatment and may include NSAIDs or muscle relaxants. Surgery is reserved for patients with pain nonresponsive to a full trial of nonsurgical interventions and with imaging studies which are concordant with physical examination findings.