The distribution of pigeon adenoviruses in Northern Chinese pigeon and turtledove flocks provides further evidence of viral crosstransmission

Abstract OBJECTIVE To understand the prevalence, genetic diversity, and potential pathogenicity of adenoviruses present in pigeon and turtledove populations. METHODS Nested PCR and Sanger sequencing methods were used to identify the genotype and percentage of various adenoviruses in the feces of pigeon ( Columba ) and turtledove ( Streptopelia ) populations. In Beijing, China, a total of 194 fresh feces samples from meat-use pigeons ( C livia domestic a), homing pigeons ( C livia domestica ), wild pigeons ( C livia domestica ), and turtledoves ( S decaocto and S chinensis ) were collected using noninvasive sampling collection techniques. Their partial DNA-dependent DNA polymerase gene sequences were obtained using nested PCR and double-ended Sanger sequencing, and their genotypes were then ascertained based on sequence alignment. RESULTS A total of 6 genotypes of adenovirus were detected in pigeon and turtledove flocks, including pigeon adenovirus (PiAdV)-1, PiAdV-2A, PiAdV-3, PiAdV-4, PiAdV-5, and a novel adenovirus genotype (PiAdV-6). Among them, PiAdV-1 was found widespread in flocks of pigeons exhibiting extensive presentations of hepatic necrosis. Highly conserved PiAdV-4 and PiAdV-5 were found to be nonpathogenic and extensively distributed in all pigeon and turtledove groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings imply the presence of diverse PiAdVs in pigeon and turtledove flocks, and the wild pigeons and wild turtledove birds are potentially serving as natural sources of these viruses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides supportive evidence of the pathogenicity of different genotypes of adenovirus in pigeon flocks and also implies that stopping the transmission of the virus brought by wild pigeons and turtledoves may be important for the prevention of diseases associated with PiAdVs.