Promoting Resiliency to Stress in the Vascular Endothelium

ABSTRACT By 2050, roughly 60% of the population will have cardiovascular disease. While a substantial amount of data has been generated over the last few decades that has aided in our understanding of cardiovascular disease pathology, less is known about how to increase resiliency to cardiovascular risk factors that individuals are exposed to on a daily basis. The vascular endothelium is considered the first line of defence against circulating noxious stimuli and, when dysfunctional, is an early risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. A vast amount of data has been generated demonstrating how external stress impairs the vascular endothelium; however, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding how to amplify protective pathways and ward off stress and the development of disease, which is the focus of this review. Targeting known protective endothelial pathways may be feasible to increase resiliency to vascular stress. Leveraging stress to boost defence mechanisms within the vascular endothelium is also proposed and may help identify novel therapeutic targets to protect individuals from the stress of everyday life.