Achieving higher production from low inputs using synergistic crop interactions under maize-based polyculture systems

Modern monoculture oriented intensive maize cultivation is facing multiple biotic and abiotic stresses and various soil fertility linked issues, which compels to adopt sustainable approaches to deal with these yield limiting factors. On the other hand, simultaneous cultivation of two or more plant species in same plot, i.e. polyculture, provides eco-friendly and cost-effective insurance against crop failures in the adverse situations. In addition, maize-based intercropping systems provide better overall yields and monetary returns, diversify the agriculture produce, suppress biotic pressures (weed, pest and disease), improve soil fertility, conserve soil and water and also enhance fodder yield and quality. By providing increased pest control, trap/border crops can be low-cost and environment-friendly option for biotic stress management particularly in organic production systems. Moreover, agroforestry in maize systems enhances the soil fertility and soil carbon status, improves stress resilience and can help in climate change mitigation. However, the success of polyculture depends on environmental factors, compatibility among companion crops and their planting patterns. Co-culture of two different kinds of crops need different sets of skills and some extra efforts, especially during planting and harvesting. Further, intercropping is not much friendly with seed-to-seed mechanization and also put restrictions on chemical weed control, which hinders its adoption in intensive cropping systems. The present review highlights the role of maize-based polyculture systems in enhancing the land productivity and addressing the biotic and abiotic stresses while reducing input-use.Graphical abstract