Catalytic and Inhibitory Effects Induced by Noncovalent Interactions between Cellulose and Lignin during Fast Pyrolysis

Biomass fast pyrolysis has emerged as a highly promising technology for producing renewable fuels and chemicals. However, the inherent multiscale and multiphase nature of the process and the heterogeneous nature of biomass feedstocks typically lead to low selectivity toward each bio-oil molecule, posing significant commercialization challenges. A molecular-level understanding of the biomass pyrolysis reaction kinetics considering the interactions between the main constituents (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) is essential to advance the macroscopic design, scale-up, and optimization of the process. In this work, microreactor experiments were conducted to determine the effects of lignin structures on the yields of cellulose-derived products during pyrolysis. We show that levoglucosan formation is inhibited by the β-O-4 lignin linkages or catalyzed by the 5-5 linkages, glycolaldehyde formation is catalyzed by the β-O-4 linkages or inhibited by the 5-5 linkages, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural formation is inhibited by either linkage. Density functional theory calculations reveal that these catalytic and inhibitory effects on cellulose fast pyrolysis are induced by noncovalent interactions between cellulose and lignin. The molecular-level picture of cellulose–lignin interactions uncovered in this work paves the way for further use of genetic engineering to grow new genotypes of biomass for selective production of value-added chemicals and machine learning approaches to obtain correlations between biomass structures and product yields for biomass fast pyrolysis.