Different faces of autism: Patients with mutations in <i>PTEN</i> and <i>FMR1</i> genes

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is among the most common neurodevelopmental conditions in humans. While public awareness of the challenges faced by individuals with autism is steadily increasing, the underlying causes of abnormalities observed in ASD remains incompletely understood. The autism spectrum is notably broad, with symptoms that can manifest in various forms and degrees of severity. Core features of ASD, such as communication difficulties, impaired social interactions, and restricted patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, are often accompanied by other co‑occurring conditions, such as anxiety. ASD affects individuals regardless of gender, race, or ethnicity. Although we are currently unable to pinpoint a single definitive cause of autism, it is clear that genetics play a crucial role in its development. The first genes associated with an increased risk for ASD were discovered in rare monogenic disorders, such as fragile X syndrome (FXS), caused by mutations in the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene, and macrocephaly, linked to mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of ASD in patients with mutations in the FMR1 and PTEN genes.