A comprehensive review on the advancements in catalyst regeneration strategies for enhanced reactivity in CO methanation

Rising energy demand worldwide has led to increased interest in renewable energy, but natural gas remains a significant indigenous energy source due to its wide use, lower carbon impact, and established infrastructure. In the creation of substituted natural gas through CO methanation, a catalyst is essential. However, maintaining the catalyst's stability requires understanding its deactivation and regeneration. Therefore, it is vital to understand the catalyst's deactivation and regeneration phenomenon for the CO methanation reaction which is the requirement for the catalyst's stability. A small number of review reports have been published on CO methanation, however, despite substantial investigation, none of them fully explain the catalyst's deactivation and regeneration. In light of these considerations, we have provided recent thorough research on the catalyst's deactivation and regeneration for CO methanation reaction. The fundamentals, kinetics, and effects of operating parameters involving temperature, pressure, and feed ratio were systematically deliberated. The major contribution of this study, which is catalyst deactivation, including carbon and coke formation, thermal degradation, metal sintering, and poisoning, as well as their regeneration method have then conversed. Lastly, a critical standpoint on the forthcoming difficulties and opportunities in CO methanation, especially in the catalyst's deactivation and regeneration field was conferred in detail.