Genome-Wide Analysis of C/S1-bZIP Subfamilies in Populus tomentosa and Unraveling the Role of PtobZIP55/21 in Response to Low Energy

C/S1 basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors are essential for plant survival under energy deficiency. However, studies on the responses of C/S1-bZIPs to low energy in woody plants have not yet been reported. In this study, members of C/S1-bZIP subfamilies in Populus tomentosa were systematically analyzed using bioinformatic approaches. Four C-bZIPs and 10 S1-bZIPs were identified, and their protein properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, conserved motifs, and uORFs were systematically investigated. In yeast two-hybrid assays, direct physical interactions between C-bZIP and S1-bZIP members were observed, highlighting their potential functional synergy. Moreover, expression profile analyses revealed that low energy induced transcription levels of most C/S1-bZIP members, with bZIP55 and bZIP21 (a homolog of bZIP55) exhibiting particularly significant upregulation. When the expression of bZIP55 and bZIP21 was co-suppressed using artificial microRNA mediated gene silencing in transgenic poplars, root growth was promoted. Further analyses revealed that bZIP55/21 negatively regulated the root development of P. tomentosa in response to low energy. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which C/S1-bZIPs regulate poplar growth and development in response to energy deprivation.