Chlorine-resistant bacteria in drinking water: Generation, identification and inactivation using ozone-based technologies

Along with the expansion of cities and population growth, the demand for drinking water is increasing. Chlorine, the most common method of disinfection, is often used in the disinfection process of drinking water plants. Residual chlorine is routinely added to the water delivery network as an additive for continuous disinfection to ensure water safety from the drinking water pipelines to the customer's taps. However, some organisms can still survive even in conditions of high chlorine concentration. This also poses a significant risk to the safety of drinking water. This review investigates the origin of chlorine-resistant bacteria in drinking water networks, the species of chlorine-resistant bacteria found in recent years and the conventional methods of identification of chlorine-resistant bacteria, the current inactivation techniques for chlorine-resistant bacteria are also summarized. The research on inactivation of chlorine-resistant bacteria by ozone-based and other methods are especially highlighted.