Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management: A Review

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) stands as the worldwide medical problem that causes substantial portions of both acute liver failure incidents and necessary liver transplants and fatalities. The liver functions as the main detoxifying organ of the body therefore, it becomes easily susceptible to destructive effects from the medicine components as well as other substances such as herbal supplements. DILI produces diverse liver damage that extends from unnoticed enzyme level elevations through the acute liver failure detection points. The purpose of this review assessment is to deliver an extensive breakdown of DILI pathogenic elements alongside diagnostic hurdles and present rule-of-the-art clinical practices. Researchers analyze three major pathophysiological mechanisms-oxidative stress, along with mitochondrial dysfunction and immune-mediated damage-for liver damage formation. The article explains diagnostic tools for DILI alongside establishing biomarkers and employment of liver biopsy for diagnosis. This discussion explores detailed information about the three management options that consist of drug withdrawal and supportive care together with liver transplantation. The discovery of genetic DILI susceptibilities combined with pharmacogenomic applications in clinical care leads to promising patient-specific treatments for better clinical achievements.