Cigarette Smoking Drives Thyroid Eye Disease Progression via RAGE Signaling Activation

Cigarette smoking-relevant TED progression was linked with RAGE signaling activation, leading to the exacerbation of orbital inflammation and tissue-remodeling, including fibrosis and adipogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that cigarette smoke exposure affects the biological characteristics of TED-derived OFs and supports RAGE as a promising therapeutic target for the management of patients with TED and smoking habits.