Systemic effect of combined functional overload and endurance-type swimming exercise on whole-body metabolism in mice

In this study, we examined the effects of concurrent functional overload and endurance exercise on muscle hypertrophy, mitochondrial function, and systemic adaptations in male mice. The mice were assigned to three groups: Sham (Sham), overload-induced hypertrophy (OL), and overload with concurrent 60-min free swimming (5 time/week) (OL+Swim), over a four-weeks. While OL promoted muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis through the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, the addition of swimming (OL+Swim) attenuated these effects, resulting in less pronounced muscle growth and a smaller increase in myofiber cross-sectional area. Notably, the OL+Swim group exhibited enhanced mitochondrial activity and glycogen content compared with the OL group. Both the OL and OL+Swim groups showed elevated rates of protein synthesis, with a significant upregulation of AMPK and PGC-1α in the OL+Swim group, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and adaptation. Concurrent training also resulted in systemic benefits, including reduced inguinal and epididymal white adipocyte size, improved mitochondrial enzyme activities in adipose and liver tissues, and higher levels of FNDC5, FGF21, and BDNF in serum, which contributed to enhanced muscle protein synthesis in cultured muscle cells. These results highlight the trade-offs between muscle hypertrophy and metabolic health in mice and underscore the importance of balanced training regimens to optimize overall metabolic health and muscle function. Our results provide further insight into how concurrent strength and endurance training can be optimized for health and performance benefits.