Subsurface and solid solution-type defect engineering in the CoCr2O4–Bi2WO4–NiS2 nanocomposite for the visible-light degradation of doxycycline and removal of chromium and its genotoxic evaluation in Allium cepa

The double Z-scheme subsurface and solid solution-type defect engineering in CoCr 2 O 4 –Bi 2 WO 4 –NiS 2 nanocomposite allow it to be used for the treatment of contaminated environmental water.