Cadmium-Induced Neurotoxicity

Cadmium-induced neurotoxicity has become a growing concern due to its potential adverse effects on the central nervous system. This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the mechanisms and implications of cadmium exposure on neuronal function and behavior. The chapter begins with an introduction to the topic, highlighting the significance of cadmium-induced neurotoxicity and the need for further understanding. It then delves into the various sources of cadmium, including contaminated soil, water, and industrial emissions, as well as the different routes of exposure, such as inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. The accumulation of cadmium in the central nervous system is discussed in detail. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cadmium neurotoxicity are explored, including the entry of cadmium into neuronal cells, its accumulation in different brain regions, and the induction of oxidative stress. The disruption of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of apoptotic pathways, and the role of inflammation are examined as key contributors to the neurotoxic effects of cadmium. The neurobehavioral consequences of prolonged cadmium exposure are presented, with a focus on cognitive impairment, learning and memory deficits, and behavioral abnormalities observed in both animals and humans. The impact of cadmium on neurodevelopment during critical periods is discussed, including alterations in brain structure and function. The vulnerability to cadmium neurotoxicity in specific populations, such as children, pregnant women, and the elderly, is investigated. The lifelong implications of cadmium exposure during critical brain development stages are examined, along with the interaction between cadmium exposure and other risk factors that increase susceptibility to neurotoxic effects. Emerging strategies for preventing or mitigating cadmium neurotoxicity are presented, including the potential use of chelating agents to enhance cadmium excretion. The importance of environmental and occupational regulations in minimizing exposure risks is discussed, as well as the role of nutritional interventions, such as antioxidants and essential nutrients, in attenuating cadmium-induced neurotoxicity.