Treat-to-target in SLE: is serology important? Results from an integrated analysis of five randomized clinical trials of belimumab

Abstract Objectives DORIS remission, based on clinical activity, and lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS), which includes serological markers, are protective targets in SLE. However, it remains unclear whether their prognostic impact is influenced by serum anti-dsDNA and complement levels Methods We analysed data from five phase III trials (BLISS-52, BLISS-76, BLISS-SC, BLISS-NEA, EMBRACE) totalling 45 254 monthly visits. Generalized linear models evaluated the effects of DORIS/LLDAS—with or without active serology—on the risk for severe (BILAG ≥1A/2B) and renal (BILAG A/B) flares. Organ damage was also assessed. Results Normal serology occurred in 544/1871 (29.1%) DORIS and 1879/4760 (39.5%) LLDAS visits. Using no-DORIS as reference, DORIS with anti-dsDNA(−) or normal/high C3/C4 demonstrated stronger protection against severe flares (odds ratio [OR] 0.042 [95% CI: 0.005, 0.331] and 0.216 [95% CI: 0.094, 0.494], respectively) compared with DORIS with anti-dsDNA(+) or low C3/C4 (OR 0.511 [95% CI: 0.284, 0.919] and 0.528 [95% CI: 0.261, 1.067]). Similarly, LLDAS with normal serology showed greater risk-reduction in severe flares compared with LLDAS with active serology, especially low C3/C4. For renal flares, DORIS with serological activity carried ∼6-fold higher risk compared with combined clinical/serological remission (OR 5.94 [95% CI: 1.26, 28.04]). Damage accrual was lowest in patients with sustained DORIS and ≥1 visit showing anti-dsDNA(−) (0.8%) or normal C3/C4 (1.8%). Conclusion Normal serology enhances the protection of DORIS and LLDAS against severe and renal SLE flares, possible reflecting deeper states of disease control. Patients with recently active disease who meet clinical targets but have persistently abnormal serology may require close monitoring to minimize flare-risk.