Integrating 16S RRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics to evaluate the association between gut microbiota and serum metabolites in patients with myositis

AIMS: Gut microbiota and metabolites have a profound impact on the maintenance of body health. In this study, we assessed the association between gut microbiota and serum metabolite changes in myositis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics to provide new ideas for screening and treating myositis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Blood and faecal samples were collected from 20 myositis patients and 20 healthy control subjects. Then, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and untargeted metabolomics study were performed to evaluate the relationship between gut microbiota and serum metabolites in patients with myositis. Compared to healthy control subjects, the blood samples from the patients with myositis had elevated levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. The increase in Bacteroidota (including Bacteroides and Parabacteroides, but not Prevotella) and the decrease in Firmicutes in the patients were accompanied by functional changes in amino acid and lipid metabolism. The gut microbiota (Bacteroides and Parabacteroides) were negatively correlated with the differential serum metabolites (glutamate and taurine). The differential serum metabolites (glutamate, pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid, and taurine) were also correlated with inflammatory factors (IL-4 and TNF-α) and oxidative stress indexes (MDA and SOD). CONCLUSION: Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with myositis was accompanied by changes in inflammatory factors, oxidative stress indexes, and small molecule metabolites in serum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: Blood and faecal biomarkers could be used for screening myositis.