Epidemiology of Male Hypogonadism

The epidemiology of male hypogonadism has been understudied. Of the known causes of endogenous androgen deficiency , only Klinefelter syndrome is common with a likely population prevalence of greater than 5:10,000 men (possibly as high as 10–25:10,000). Mild traumatic injury might also be a common cause of androgen deficiency (prevalence 5–10:10,000 men), but large, long-term studies must be completed to confirm this prevalence estimation that might be too high. The classic causes of male androgen deficiency—hyperprolactinemia, pituitary macroadenoma , endogenous Cushing syndrome , and iron overload syndrome—are rare (prevalence < 10,000 men).