Observed transmissions and ocean-ice-acoustic coupled modelling in the Beaufort Sea

An ocean-ice-acoustic coupled model is configured for the Beaufort Sea. The model uses outputs from a data assimilating global scale ice-ocean-atmosphere forecast to drive a bimodal roughness algorithm for generating a realistic ice canopy. The resulting range-dependent ice cover obeys observed roughness, keel number density, depth, and slope, and floe size statistics. The ice is inserted into a parabolic equation acoustic propagation model as a near-zero impedance fluid layer along with a model defined range-dependent sound speed profile. Year-long observations of transmissions at 35 Hz from the Coordinated Arctic Acoustic Thermometry Experiment and 925 Hz from the Arctic Mobile Observing System source were recorded over the winter of 2019-2020 on a free-drifting, eight-element vertical line array designed to vertically span the Beaufort duct. The ocean-ice-acoustic coupled model predicts receive levels that reasonably agree with the measurements over propagation ranges of 30-800 km. At 925 Hz, seasonal and sub-seasonal ocean and ice driven variations of propagation loss are captured in the data and reproduced in the model.