Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Therapies for Cell Senescence in Bone and Cartilage

The bone repair and substitute have been developed for decades with the bone defect repair applied successfully in clinical. However, implant complications may occur in more challenging situations, bone cell senescence and osteoporosis (OP). Due to certain microenvironment conditions, including hormonal, nutritional, and aging factors, the bone cell responses are regulated to alteration and end into cell senescence and OP. Thus, the bone tissue regeneration is limited with site morbidity increased, leading to bone graft failure. In such pathological state, bone grafts and substitutes are companied with OP therapies to improve bone tissue engineering and to enhance bone graft healing. Those substitutes with OP therapeutic-based applications have been becoming a growing field of interest in bone repair. Bone grafts, such as scaffolds with antiosteoporotic drugs releasing and implants with surface therapeutic modified, are studied to significantly increase low bone density as well as improve impaired bone regeneration. In this review, we discuss a thorough understanding in bone remodeling process, bone cell senescence, and mechanisms of OA and OP. Based on the understanding, the review concentrates on the treatments to the OP and the bone grafts applied in the bone senescence model and provides a future direction in clinical trial. This review discusses the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine therapies for aging-related bone diseases, which have been highly concerned in aging society. These therapies can improve the efficacy of bone tissue regeneration, enhance the quality of bone repair, and provide new insights in the field of bone clinical treatments and aging regeneration.