蔗渣
阳极
电解质
材料科学
聚合物
多孔性
电池(电)
钠
化学工程
碳纤维
废物管理
钠离子电池
制浆造纸工业
化学
复合材料
冶金
工程类
电极
复合数
功率(物理)
物理
物理化学
量子力学
法拉第效率
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.est.2024.110694
摘要
To realize the goal of large scale eco-friendly solid-state Na-ion energy storage systems, a combination of cost effective and resource abundant anode material, and a bio-degradable polymer-based electrolyte is essentially required. Herein, a highly abundant waste-biomass sugarcane bagasse, pre-treated with ethanol soaking has been used as precursor to drive hard carbon (EHC) to use as anode in sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) with a sodium ion conducting porous polymer electrolyte (PPE) based on a bio-degradable polymer poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). The pre-treatment with ethanol soaking for a long duration improves the porosity and electrochemical properties of the hard carbons significantly. The EHC powder shows lesser surface area (∼19 m2g−1) with larger average pore size as compared to hard carbon (HC) derived from untreated waste-biomass powder (∼407 m2g−1). The EHC powder also shows larger number of defects and oxygen content, as evident from XRD, Raman and XPS analyses. The porous PCL film has been prepared by one-step immersion-precipitation method with water as non-solvent and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent to obtain thick, free-standing PPE films, soaked with a liquid electrolyte (1 M NaClO4 in EC:PC, 1:1 v/v). The comparative electrochemical performance of the hard carbons (EHC and HC) as anodes has been tested by preparing half cells with PPE-films and liquid electrolyte soaked in commercial separator. The PPE is found to be suitable for application in NIBs due to its high ionic conductivity (∼1.7 mS cm−1) and wide electrochemical potential window (∼5.2 V vs Ag/Ag+). The electrochemical cell based on EHC-anode demonstrates excellent performance characteristics showing high reversible discharge capacity of 212 mAhg−1 with biodegradable PPE-film at current rate of 0.5 Ag−1 and shows stable performance up to high current rate of 1 Ag−1. The cell also shows long term cycling stability up to 300 cycles with ∼17 % initial fading in specific discharge capacity.
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