Novel endoscopic tattooing dye based on polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified polydopamine nanoparticles for labeling gastrointestinal lesions

Polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were designed for endoscopic tattooing in a porcine model. Results showed that the PDA/PVP nanoparticles could be stabilized in the digestive tract for at least 60 days.