Enhancing students’ science learning using virtual simulation technologies: a systematic review

Virtual simulation is an interactive experience that allows people to immerse themselves in a computer-generated environment. In recent years, virtual simulation technology has become more affordable and accessible, and more educators are using it as an active learning and engagement tool. With science education's emphasis on interactivity, visualization of concepts, and a strong reliance on experimentation in its empirical domain, virtual simulation technology can play an important role in science education by taking advantage of its strengths. This study presents a systematic review of research on the utilization of virtual simulation technology in science education over the past decade. In this review, 73 articles were screened from three major databases using string and manual screening protocols. This literature review, emphasizes the analysis of virtual simulation-based science education from two aspects including pedagogy (instructional environment, instructional activity design, and technology design) and instructional outcomes. The findings reveal important factors such as trends in the application science education pedagogy, pedagogical effectiveness, types of equipment, and research methodology, as well as whether or not teacher training is required for the use of virtual simulation. Finally, the practical implications of virtual reality-based teaching and directions of future research are discussed.